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Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act
US Code - Title 15, Chapter 50, Sections 2301-2312
Section 2301. Definitions
For the purposes of this chapter
(1) The term "consumer product" means any tangible personal property
which is distributed in commerce and which is normally used for
personal, family, or household purposes (including any such property
intended to be attached to or installed in any real property without
regard to whether it is so attached or installed).
(2) The term "Commission" means the Federal Trade Commission.
(3) The term "consumer" means a buyer (other than for purposes of
resale) of any consumer product, any person to whom such product is
transferred during the duration of an implied or written warranty (or
service contract) applicable to the product, and any other person who is
entitled by the terms of such warranty (or service contract) or under
applicable State law to enforce against the warrantor (or service
contractor) the obligations of the warranty (or service contract).
(4) The term "supplier" means any person engaged in the business of
making a consumer product directly or indirectly available to consumers.
(5) The term "warrantor" means any supplier or other person who gives
or offers to give a written warranty or who is or may be obligated under
an implied warranty.
(6) The term "written warranty" means -
(A) any written affirmation of fact or written promise made in
connection with the sale of a consumer product by a supplier to a
buyer which relates to the nature of the material or workmanship and
affirms or promises that such material or workmanship is defect free
or will meet a specified level of performance over a specified
period of time, or
(B) any undertaking in writing in connection with the sale by a
supplier of a consumer product to refund, repair, replace, or take
other remedial action with respect to such product in the event that
such product fails to meet the specifications set forth in the
undertaking, which written affirmation, promise, or undertaking
becomes part of the basis of the bargain between a supplier and a
buyer for purposes other than resale of such product.
(7) The term "implied warranty" means an implied warranty arising under
State law (as modified by sections 2308 and 2304(a) of this title) in
connection with the sale by a supplier of a consumer product.
(8) The term "service contract" means a contract in writing to
perform, over a fixed period of time or for a specified duration,
services relating to the maintenance or repair (or both) of a consumer
product.
(9) The term "reasonable and necessary maintenance" consists of those
operations
(A) which the consumer reasonably can be expected to perform or have
performed and
(B) which are necessary to keep any consumer product performing
its intended function and operating at a reasonable level of
performance.
(10) The term "remedy" means whichever of the following actions the
warrantor elects:
(A) repair,
(B) replacement, or
(C) refund;
except that the warrantor may not elect refund unless (i) the warrantor
is unable to provide replacement and repair is not commercially
practicable or cannot be timely made, or (ii) the consumer is willing to
accept such refund.
(11) The term ''replacement'' means furnishing a new consumer product
which is identical or reasonably equivalent to the warranted consumer
product.
(12) The term "refund" means refunding the actual purchase price
(less reasonable depreciation based on actual use where permitted by
rules of the Commission).
(13) The term "distributed in commerce" means sold in commerce,
introduced or delivered for introduction into commerce, or held for sale
or distribution after introduction into commerce.
(14) The term "commerce" means trade, traffic, commerce, or
transportation -
(A) between a place in a State and any place outside thereof,
or
(B) which affects trade, traffic, commerce, or transportation
described in subparagraph (A).
(15) The term "State" means a State, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, the Canal Zone,
or American Samoa. The term "State law" includes a law of the United
States applicable only to the District of Columbia or only to a
territory or possession of the United States; and the term "Federal
law'" excludes any State law.
Section 2302. Rules governing contents of warranties
(a) Full and conspicuous disclosure of terms and conditions; additional
requirements for contents In order to improve the adequacy of
information available to consumers, prevent deception, and improve
competition in the marketing of consumer products, any warrantor
warranting a consumer product to a consumer by means of a written
warranty shall, to the extent required by rules of the Commission, fully
and conspicuously disclose in simple and readily understood language the
terms and conditions of such warranty. Such rules may require inclusion
in the written warranty of any of the following items among others:
(1) The clear identification of the names and addresses of the
warrantors.
(2) The identity of the party or parties to whom the warranty is
extended.
(3) The products or parts covered.
(4) A statement of what the warrantor will do in the event of a
defect, malfunction, or failure to conform with such written
warranty - at whose expense - and for what period of time.
(5) A statement of what the consumer must do and expenses he must
bear.
(6) Exceptions and exclusions from the terms of the warranty.
(7) The step-by-step procedure which the consumer should take in
order to obtain performance of any obligation under the warranty,
including the identification of any person or class of persons
authorized to perform the obligations set forth in the warranty.
(8) Information respecting the availability of any informal
dispute settlement procedure offered by the warrantor and a recital,
where the warranty so provides, that the purchaser may be required
to resort to such procedure before pursuing any legal remedies in
the courts.
(9) A brief, general description of the legal remedies available
to the consumer.
(10) The time at which the warrantor will perform any obligations
under the warranty.
(11) The period of time within which, after notice of a defect,
malfunction, or failure to conform with the warranty, the warrantor
will perform any obligations under the warranty.
(12) The characteristics or properties of the products, or parts
thereof, that are not covered by the warranty.
(13) The elements of the warranty in words or phrases which would
not mislead a reasonable, average consumer as to the nature or scope
of the warranty.
(b) Availability of terms to consumer; manner and form for presentation
and display of information; duration; extension of period for written
warranty or service contract
(1)
(A) The Commission shall prescribe rules requiring that the
terms of any written warranty on a consumer product be made
available to the consumer (or prospective consumer) prior to the
sale of the product to him.
(B) The Commission may prescribe rules for determining the
manner and form in which information with respect to any written
warranty of a consumer product shall be clearly and
conspicuously presented or displayed so as not to mislead the
reasonable, average consumer, when such information is contained
in advertising, labeling, point-of-sale material, or other
representations in writing.
(2) Nothing in this chapter (other than paragraph (3) of this
subsection) shall be deemed to authorize the Commission to prescribe
the duration of written warranties given or to require that a
consumer product or any of its components be warranted.
(3) The Commission may prescribe rules for extending the period
of time a written warranty or service contract is in effect to
correspond with any period of time in excess of a reasonable period
(not less than 10 days) during which the consumer is deprived of the
use of such consumer product by reason of failure of the product to
conform with the written warranty or by reason of the failure of the
warrantor (or service contractor) to carry out such warranty (or
service contract) within the period specified in the warranty (or
service contract).
(c) Prohibition on conditions for written or implied warranty; waiver by
Commission No warrantor of a consumer product may condition his written
or implied warranty of such product on the consumer's using, in
connection with such product, any article or service (other than article
or service provided without charge under the terms of the warranty)
which is identified by brand, trade, or corporate name; except that the
prohibition of this subsection may be waived by the Commission if -
(1) the warrantor satisfies the Commission that the warranted
product will function properly only if the article or service so
identified is used in connection with the warranted product, and
(2) the Commission finds that such a waiver is in the public
interest. The Commission shall identify in the Federal Register, and
permit public comment on, all applications for waiver of the
prohibition of this subsection, and shall publish in the Federal
Register its disposition of any such application, including the
reasons therefore.
(d) Incorporation by reference of detailed substantive warranty
provisions
The Commission may by rule devise detailed substantive warranty
provisions which warrantors may incorporate by reference in their
warranties.
(e) Applicability to consumer products costing more than $5
The provisions of this section apply only to warranties which pertain to
consumer products actually costing the consumer more than $5.
Section 2303. Designation of written warranties
(a) Full (statement of duration) or limited warranty
Any warrantor warranting a consumer product by means of a written
warranty shall clearly and conspicuously designate such warranty in the
following manner, unless exempted from doing so by the Commission
pursuant to subsection (c) of this section:
(1) If the written warranty meets the Federal minimum standards for
warranty set forth in section 2304 of this title, then it shall be
conspicuously designated a ''full (statement of duration)
warranty''.
(2) If the written warranty does not meet the Federal minimum
standards for warranty set forth in section 2304 of this title, then
it shall be conspicuously designated a "limited warranty".
(b) Applicability of requirements, standards, etc., to representations
or statements of customer satisfaction
This section and sections 2302 and 2304 of this title shall not apply to
statements or representations which are similar to expressions of
general policy concerning customer satisfaction and which are not
subject to any specific limitations.
(c) Exemptions by Commission
In addition to exercising the authority pertaining to disclosure granted
in section 2302 of this title, the Commission may by rule determine when
a written warranty does not have to be designated either ''full
(statement of duration)'' or ''limited'' in accordance with this
section.
(d) Applicability to consumer products costing more than $10 and not
designated as full warranties
The provisions of subsections (a) and (c) of this section apply only to
warranties which pertain to consumer products actually costing the
consumer more than $10 and which are not designated "full (statement of
duration) warranties".
Section 2304. Federal minimum standards for warranties
(a) Remedies under written warranty; duration of implied warranty;
exclusion or limitation on consequential damages for breach of written
or implied warranty; election of refund or replacement. In order for a
warrantor warranting a consumer product by means of a written warranty
to meet the Federal minimum standards for warranty -
(1) such warrantor must as a minimum remedy such consumer product
within a reasonable time and without charge, in the case of a
defect, malfunction, or failure to conform with such written
warranty;
(2) notwithstanding section 2308(b) of this title, such warrantor
may not impose any limitation on the duration of any implied
warranty on the product;
(3) such warrantor may not exclude or limit consequential damages
for breach of any written or implied warranty on such product,
unless such exclusion or limitation conspicuously appears on the
face of the warranty; and
(4) if the product (or a component part thereof) contains a
defect or malfunction after a reasonable number of attempts by the
warrantor to remedy defects or malfunctions in such product, such
warrantor must permit the consumer to elect either a refund for, or
replacement without charge of, such product or part (as the case may
be). The Commission may by rule specify for purposes of this
paragraph, what constitutes a reasonable number of attempts to
remedy particular kinds of defects or malfunctions under different
circumstances. If the warrantor replaces a component part of a
consumer product, such replacement shall include installing the part
in the product without charge.
(b) Duties and conditions imposed on consumer by warrantor
(1) In fulfilling the duties under subsection (a) of this section
respecting a written warranty, the warrantor shall not impose any
duty other than notification upon any consumer as a condition of
securing remedy of any consumer product which malfunctions, is
defective, or does not conform to the written warranty, unless the
warrantor has demonstrated in a rulemaking proceeding, or can
demonstrate in an administrative or judicial enforcement proceeding
(including private enforcement), or in an informal dispute
settlement proceeding, that such a duty is reasonable.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a warrantor may require, as a
condition to replacement of, or refund for, any consumer product
under subsection (a) of this section, that such consumer product
shall be made available to the warrantor free and clear of liens and
other encumbrances, except as otherwise provided by rule or order of
the Commission in cases in which such a requirement would not be
practicable.
(3) The Commission may, by rule define in detail the duties set
forth in subsection (a) of this section and the applicability of
such duties to warrantors of different categories of consumer
products with ''full (statement of duration)'' warranties.
(4) The duties under subsection (a) of this section extend from
the warrantor to each person who is a consumer with respect to the
consumer product.
(c) Waiver of standards
The performance of the duties under subsection (a) of this section shall
not be required of the warrantor if he can show that the defect,
malfunction, or failure of any warranted consumer product to conform
with a written warranty, was caused by damage (not resulting from defect
or malfunction) while in the possession of the consumer, or unreasonable
use (including failure to provide reasonable and necessary maintenance).
(d) Remedy without charge
For purposes of this section and of section 2302(c) of this title, the
term ''without charge'' means that the warrantor may not assess the
consumer for any costs the warrantor or his representatives incur in
connection with the required remedy of a warranted consumer product. An
obligation under subsection (a)(1)(A) of this section to remedy without
charge does not necessarily require the warrantor to compensate the
consumer for incidental expenses; however, if any incidental expenses
are incurred because the remedy is not made within a reasonable time or
because the warrantor imposed an unreasonable duty upon the consumer as
a condition of securing remedy, then the consumer shall be entitled to
recover reasonable incidental expenses which are so incurred in any
action against the warrantor.
(e) Incorporation of standards to products designated with full
warranty for purposes of judicial actions
If a supplier designates a warranty applicable to a consumer product as
a ''full (statement of duration)'' warranty, then the warranty on such
product shall, for purposes of any action under section 2310(d) of this
title or under any State law, be deemed to incorporate at least the
minimum requirements of this section and rules prescribed under this
section.
Section 2305. Full and limited warranting of a consumer product
Nothing in this chapter shall prohibit the selling of a consumer
product which has both full and limited warranties if such warranties
are clearly and conspicuously differentiated.
Section 2306. Service contracts; rules for full, clear and conspicuous
disclosure of terms and conditions; addition to or in lieu of written
warranty
(a) The Commission may prescribe by rule the manner and form in which
the terms and conditions of service contracts shall be fully, clearly,
and conspicuously disclosed.
(b) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a supplier
or warrantor from entering into a service contract with the consumer in
addition to or in lieu of a written warranty if such contract fully,
clearly, and conspicuously discloses its terms and conditions in simple
and readily understood language.
Section 2307. Designation of representatives by warrantor to perform
duties under written or implied warranty
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent any warrantor
from designating representatives to perform duties under the written or
implied warranty: Provided, That such warrantor shall make reasonable
arrangements for compensation of such designated representatives, but no
such designation shall relieve the warrantor of his direct
responsibilities to the consumer or make the representative a
co-warrantor.
Section 2308. Implied warranties
(a) Restrictions on disclaimers or modifications
No supplier may disclaim or modify (except as provided in subsection (b)
of this section) any implied warranty to a consumer with respect to such
consumer product if
(1) such supplier makes any written warranty to the consumer with
respect to such consumer Product, or
(2) at the time of sale, or within 90 days thereafter, such
supplier enters into a service contract with the consumer which
applies to such consumer product.
(b) Limitation on duration
For purposes of this chapter (other than section 2304(a)(2) of this
title), implied warranties may be limited in duration to the duration of
a written warranty of reasonable duration, if such limitation is
conscionable and is set forth in clear and unmistakable language and
prominently displayed on the face of the warranty.
(c) Effectiveness of disclaimers, modifications, or limitations
A disclaimer, modification, or limitation made in violation of this
section shall be ineffective for purposes of this chapter and State law.
Section 2309. Procedures applicable to promulgation of rules by
Commission
(a) Oral presentation
Any rule prescribed under this chapter shall be prescribed in accordance
with section 553 of title 5; except that the Commission shall give
interested persons an opportunity for oral presentations of data, views,
and arguments, in addition to written submissions. A transcript shall be
kept of any oral presentation. Any such rule shall be subject to
judicial review under section 57a(e) of this title in the same manner as
rules prescribed under section 57a(a)(1)(B) of this title, except that
section 57a(e)(3)(B) of this title shall not apply.
(b) Warranties and warranty practices involved in sale of used motor
vehicles
The Commission shall initiate within one year after January 4, 1975, a
rulemaking proceeding dealing with warranties and warranty practices in
connection with the sale of used motor vehicles; and, to the extent
necessary to supplement the protections offered the consumer by this
chapter, shall prescribe rules dealing with such warranties and
practices. In prescribing rules under this subsection, the Commission
may exercise any authority it may have under this chapter, or other law,
and in addition it may require disclosure that a used motor vehicle is
sold without any warranty and specify the form and content of such
disclosure.
Section 2310. Remedies in consumer disputes
(a) Informal dispute settlement procedures; establishment; rules setting
forth minimum requirements; effect of compliance by warrantor; review of
informal procedures or implementation by Commission; application to
existing informal procedures
(1) Congress hereby declares it to be its policy to encourage
warrantors to establish procedures whereby consumer disputes are
fairly and expeditiously settled through informal dispute settlement
mechanisms.
(2) The Commission shall prescribe rules setting forth minimum
requirements for any informal dispute settlement procedure which is
incorporated into the terms of a written warranty to which any
provision of this chapter applies. Such rules shall provide for
participation in such procedure by independent or governmental
entities.
(3) One or more warrantors may establish an informal dispute
settlement procedure which meets the requirements of the
Commission's rules under paragraph (2). If -
(A) a warrantor establishes such a procedure,
(B) such procedure, and its implementation, meets the
requirements of such rules, and
(C) he incorporates in a written warranty a requirement that
the consumer resort to such procedure before pursuing any legal
remedy under this section respecting such warranty, then
(i) the consumer may not commence a civil action (other than
a class action) under subsection (d) of this section unless
he initially resorts to such procedure; and
(ii) a class of consumers may not proceed in a class
action under subsection (d) of this section except to the
extent the court determines necessary to establish the
representative capacity of the named plaintiffs, unless the
named plaintiffs (upon notifying the defendant that they are
named plaintiffs in a class action with respect to a
warranty obligation) initially resort to such procedure. In
the case of such a class action which is brought in a
district court of the United States, the representative
capacity of the named plaintiffs shall be established in the
application of rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure. In any civil action arising out of a warranty
obligation and relating to a matter considered in such a
procedure, any decision in such procedure shall be
admissible in evidence.
(4) The Commission on its own initiative may, or upon written
complaint filed by any interested person shall, review the bona fide
operation of any dispute settlement procedure resort to which is
stated in a written warranty to be a prerequisite to pursuing a
legal remedy under this section.
If the Commission finds that such procedure or its implementation
fails to comply with the requirements of the rules under paragraph
(2), the Commission may take appropriate remedial action under any
authority it may have under this chapter or any other provision of
law.
(5) Until rules under paragraph (2) take effect, this subsection
shall not affect the validity of any informal dispute settlement
procedure respecting consumer warranties, but in any action under
subsection (d) of this section, the court may invalidate any such
procedure if it finds that such procedure is unfair.
(b) Prohibited acts It shall be a violation of section 45(a)(1) of this
title for any person to fail to comply with any requirement imposed on
such person by this chapter (or a rule thereunder) or to violate any
prohibition contained in this chapter (or a rule thereunder).
(c) Injunction proceedings by Attorney General or Commission for
deceptive warranty, noncompliance with requirements, or violating
prohibitions; procedures; definitions
(1) The district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction
of any action brought by the Attorney General (in his capacity as
such), or by the Commission by any of its attorneys designated by it
for such purpose, to restrain
(A) any warrantor from making a deceptive warranty with respect
to a consumer product, or
(B) any person from failing to comply with any requirement
imposed on such person by or pursuant to this chapter or from
violating any prohibition contained in this chapter. Upon proper
showing that, weighing the equities and considering the
Commission's or Attorney General's likelihood of ultimate
success, such action would be in the public interest and after
notice to the defendant, a temporary restraining order or
preliminary injunction may be granted without bond. In the case
of an action brought by the Commission, if a complaint under
section 45 of this title is not filed within such period (not
exceeding 10 days) as may be specified by the court after the
issuance of the temporary restraining order or preliminary
injunction, the order or injunction shall be dissolved by the
court and be of no further force and effect. Any suit shall be
brought in the district in which such person resides or
transacts business. Whenever it appears to the court that the
ends of justice require that other persons should be parties in
the action, the court may cause them to be summoned whether or
not they reside in the district in which the court is held, and
to that end process may be served in any district.
(2) For the purposes of this subsection, the term ''deceptive
warranty'' means
(A) a written warranty which (i) contains an affirmation,
promise, description, or representation which is either false or
fraudulent, or which, in light of all of the circumstances,
would mislead a reasonable individual exercising due care; or
(ii) fails to contain information which is necessary in light of
all of the circumstances, to make the warranty not misleading to
a reasonable individual exercising due care; or
(B) a written warranty created by the use of such terms as
''guaranty'' or ''warranty'', if the terms and conditions of
such warranty so limit its scope and application as to deceive a
reasonable individual.
(d) Civil action by consumer for damages, etc.; jurisdiction; recovery
of costs and expenses; cognizable claims
(1) Subject to subsections (a)(3) and (e) of this section, a
consumer who is damaged by the failure of a supplier, warrantor, or
service contractor to comply with any obligation under this chapter,
or under a written warranty, implied warranty, or service contract,
may bring suit for damages and other legal and equitable relief -
(A) in any court of competent jurisdiction in any State or the
District of Columbia; or
(B) in an appropriate district court of the United States,
subject to paragraph (3) of this subsection.
(2) If a consumer finally prevails in any action brought under
paragraph (1) of this subsection, he may be allowed by the court to
recover as part of the judgment a sum equal to the aggregate amount
of cost and expenses (including attorneys' fees based on actual time
expended) determined by the court to have been reasonably incurred
by the plaintiff for or in connection with the commencement and
prosecution of such action, unless the court in its discretion shall
determine that such an award of attorneys' fees would be
inappropriate.
(3) No claim shall be cognizable in a suit brought under
paragraph (1)(B) of this subsection -
(A) if the amount in controversy of any individual claim is less
than the sum or value of $25;
(B) if the amount in controversy is less than the sum or
value of $50,000 (exclusive of interests and costs) computed on
the basis of all claims to be determined in this suit; or
(C) if the action is brought as a class action, and the
number of named plaintiffs is less than one hundred.
(e) Class actions; conditions; procedures applicable
No action (other than a class action or an action respecting a warranty
to which subsection (a)(3) of this section applies) may be brought under
subsection (d) of this section for failure to comply with any obligation
under any written or implied warranty or service contract, and a class
of consumers may not proceed in a class action under such subsection
with respect to such a failure except to the extent the court determines
necessary to establish the representative capacity of the named
plaintiffs, unless the person obligated under the warranty or service
contract is afforded a reasonable opportunity to cure such failure to
comply. In the case of such a class action (other than a class action
respecting a warranty to which subsection (a)(3) of this section
applies) brought under subsection (d) of this section for breach of any
written or implied warranty or service contract, such reasonable
opportunity will be afforded by the named plaintiffs and they shall at
that time notify the defendant that they are acting on behalf of the
class. In the case of such a class action which is brought in a district
court of the United States, the representative capacity of the named
plaintiffs shall be established in the application of rule 23 of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(f) Warrantors subject to enforcement of remedies
For purposes of this section, only the warrantor actually making a
written affirmation of fact, promise, or undertaking shall be deemed to
have created a written warranty, and any rights arising thereunder may
be enforced under this section only against such warrantor and no other
person.
Section 2311. Applicability to other laws
(a) Federal Trade Commission Act and Federal Seed Act
(1) Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed to repeal,
invalidate, or supersede the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C.
41 et seq.) or any statute defined therein as an Antitrust Act.
(2) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to repeal,
invalidate, or supersede the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. 1551 et
seq.) and nothing in this chapter shall apply to seed for planting.
(b) Rights, remedies, and liabilities
(1) Nothing in this chapter shall invalidate or restrict any right
or remedy of any consumer under State law or any other Federal law.
(2) Nothing in this chapter (other than sections 2308 and
2304(a)(2) and (4) of this title) shall (A) affect the liability of,
or impose liability on, any person for personal injury, or (B)
supersede any provision of State law regarding consequential damages
for injury to the person or other injury.
(c) State warranty laws
(1) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and in
paragraph (2) of this subsection, a State requirement -
(A) which relates to labeling or disclosure with respect to
written warranties or performance thereunder;
(B) which is within the scope of an applicable requirement of
sections 2302, 2303, and 2304 of this title (and rules
implementing such sections), and
(C) which is not identical to a requirement of section 2302,
2303, or 2304 of this title (or a rule thereunder), shall not be
applicable to written warranties complying with such sections
(or rules thereunder).
(2) If, upon application of an appropriate State agency, the
Commission determines (pursuant to rules issued in accordance with
section 2309 of this title) that any requirement of such State
covering any transaction to which this chapter applies
(A) affords protection to consumers greater than the
requirements of this chapter and
(B) does not unduly burden interstate commerce, then such
State requirement shall be applicable (notwithstanding the
provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection) to the extent
specified in such determination for so long as the State
administers and enforces effectively any such greater
requirement.
(d) Other Federal warranty laws This chapter (other than section 2302(c)
of this title) shall be inapplicable to any written warranty the making
or content of which is otherwise governed by Federal law. If only a
portion of a written warranty is so governed by Federal law, the
remaining portion shall be subject to this chapter.
Section 2312. Effective dates
(a) Effective date of chapter
Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, this chapter shall
take effect 6 months after January 4, 1975, but shall not apply to
consumer products manufactured prior to such date.
(b) Effective date of section 2302(a)
Section 2302(a) of this title shall take effect 6 months after the final
publication of rules respecting such section; except that the
Commission, for good cause shown, may postpone the applicability of such
sections until one year after such final publication in order to permit
any designated classes of suppliers to bring their written warranties
into compliance with rules promulgated pursuant to this chapter.
(c) Promulgation of rules
The Commission shall promulgate rules for initial implementation of this
chapter as soon as possible after January 4, 1975, but in no event later
than one year after such date.
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